LEC备考学习 | 联邦法院体系简介（双语）2发表时间：2020-11-02 13:07 联邦法律体系（2） 上期我们谈到了联邦法院体系，重点介绍了联邦地区法院，本期继续和大家分享联邦法院上诉法院和联邦最高法院。 U.S. Courts of Appeals 联邦上诉法院
In federal court system, there are thirteen U.S. courts of appeals—also referred to as U.S. circuit courts of appeals. The federal courts of appeals for twelve of the circuits, including the U.S. Courts of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, hear appeals from the federal district courts located within their respective judicial circuits. The Court of Appeal for the Thirteen Circuit, called the Federal Circuit, has national appellate jurisdiction over certain types of cases, such as cases involving patent law and cases in which the U.S. government is a defendant. Also heard before this court are appeals from specialized courts (e.g., the U.S. Claims Court and the U.S. Court of International Trade) and claims arising from decisions of federal administrative agencies. 在美国联邦法院体系中，一共有13个联邦上诉法院——也叫做联邦巡回上诉法院。12个联邦上诉巡回法院（包括美国哥伦比亚特区巡回上诉法院）审理来自各自司法管辖权内联邦地方法院的上诉。 第13个巡回上诉法院叫做联邦巡回法院，对特定类型的案件拥有国家上诉管辖权，例如涉及专利权法的案件、以美国联邦政府为被告的案件。这类法院也审理特别法院的上诉案件（如美国联邦索赔法院和美国联邦国家贸易法院）和联邦行政机构的判决引发的索赔案。 U.S. Supreme Court 美国联邦最高法院
The highest level of the three-tiered model of the federal court system is the United States Supreme Court. According to the language of the Article 3 of the U.S. Constitution, there is only one national Supreme Court. All other courts in federal system are considered “inferior”. Congress is empowered to create other inferior courts as it deems necessary. The inferior courts that Congress has created include the U.S. court of appeals, as well as the district courts and any other courts of limited or specialized jurisdiction. 美国联邦法院的三级体系模式中最高的一级就是美国联邦最高法院。根据美国宪法第三条的规定，联邦只有一个最高法院。联邦系统中其他所有的法院都被认为是低 于最高法院的法院组织。国会有权在它认为必要时建立其他下级法院。国会创建的下级法院包括美国上诉法院，以及地区法院和其他具有有限或专门管辖权的法院。 U.S Supreme Court The United States Supreme Court consists of nine justices. Although the Supreme Court has original, or trial, jurisdiction in rare instances (e.g. , in legal disputes in which a state is a party, cases between two states, and cases involving ambassadors), most of its work is as an appeals court. The Supreme Court can review any case decided by any of the federal courts of appeals, and it also has appellate authority over some cases decided in the state courts. 美国最高法院由九名大法官组成。虽然最高法院在少数情况下具有初始或审判管辖权（例如，在州作为一方当事人的法律争议中，或者案件涉及两个州，或者涉及大使的案件），但最高法院的大部分工作是受理上诉案件。最高法院可以审查任何联邦上诉法院作出判决的案件，它也同样有权受理经由州法院判决生效的上诉案件。 Appeals to the Supreme Court To bring a case before the Supreme Court, a party requests the Court to issue a writ of certiorari. A writ of certiorari is an order issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court requiring the latter to send it the record of the case for review. The court will not issue a writ of certiorari unless at least four of the nine justices approve of it. This is called the rule of four. Whether the Court will issue a writ of certiorari is entirely within its discretion. Most petitions for writs are denied. (Thousands of cases are filled with the Supreme Court each year, yet it hears, on average, fewer than one hundred of these cases.) When the Supreme Court declines review of a case, the practical effect is an agreement with the lower court decision, which continues binding the parties. 上诉到联邦最高法院：在案件被送至最高法院以前，当事一方要求法院出具一份由上级法院发出的诉讼文件移送命令书（调案复审令，亦称调卷令）。调卷令是最高法院要求下级法院移送案件的记录用以审查的命令状。除非是九位大法官中的至少四位同意，否则一般不会发布调卷令。这个被称作：“四人规则”。最高法院是否发布调卷令，全凭大法官的自由裁量。大部分的调案复审诉请一般都被拒绝了。（最高法院每年都会接到几千个案子，但受理的案件却不到 一百件。）当最高法院拒绝对一个案件进行复审时，产生的实际结果是同意了下级法院的判决，这个判决对双方当事人是具有约束力的。 下期预告 美国州法院体系简介
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