LEC真题演练 | Levels of Judicial Scrutiny发表时间:2021-10-08 23:11 真 题 演 练 - LEC EXAM - Bev and Nate had lived together for several years, but had never married because Nate was still married to another woman. During this time, Bev was not employed, but she took care of their home, did housekeeping and other chores, and acted as Nateʼs companion. Nate, however, informed her one day that he did not want to live with her anymore and told her to move out of the residence. During the time Nate and Bev lived together, they had accumulated property. The state in which they lived recognized in general the validity of property agreements entered into by nonmarried couples who lived together, but there was a statute that provided that such agreements were void as being against public policy when one of the parties living together was married to another. Bev brought suit against Nate, alleging that they had an agreement to share equally all property accumulated by them during the time they lived together, and challenging the constitutionality of the statute. The state intervened to defend the statute. Will Bev prevail in her challenge to the statute? A. Yes, if the state fails to prove that the statute is rationally related to legitimate state purpose. B. Yes, if Bev can prove that the statute is not necessary to effectuate a compelling state interest. C. No, if Bev fails to prove that the statute is not rationally related to a legitimate governing purpose. D. No, if the government proves that the statute was necessary and proper.
参考答案 C 对于政府立法或行政行为所做的分类是否违背宪法平等权保障进行司法审查时,美国联邦最高法院通常使用以下三种审查标准(Levels of Judicial Review): 1.严格审查(strict scrutiny)标准 这是最严格的违宪审查标准。在这一标准下,特定立法或行政行为所欲达成的利益若不是最实质重要(compelling)的利益,或者政府为达成该立法或措施所设定之目的而选择的手段,与该实质重要的利益之间不具有严密关联性(sufficiently narrowly tailored),则通常该立法或行政行为会被认定为违宪。根据宪法惯例,凡接受严格审查者,通常被判违宪。这一审查标准普遍适用于有关“种族”、“民族血统”(以及某些时候外侨身份)等在社会长久处于不利地位的弱势群体(suspect class)之案件的审查。 原因在于“当一个特殊群体被例行地当作劣等群体对待(“意味着在文明社会地位地下”)时,特殊的司法关怀是适当的。当这一阶层所受的歧视在社会上普遍存在时,这种关注得到加强。” 2.中度审查(intermediate scrutiny)标准 在这一标准下,该立法或政府行政行为所要达成的目的虽然不是实质重要的利益,但至少必须是重要的利益,而该立法或行政行为所选择的手段,则必须和该利益之间具有充分的重要关联(substantially related)。一般与 “性别”(gender)、非婚生这一社会地位接近弱势群体(semi-suspect class)有关的案件,大多适用这一标准。 3.合理基础审查(rational-basis test)标准 在这一标准下,只要系争立法或政府行政行为没有把任何弱势群体作为分类标准,同时也不违背任何宪法基本权利(fundamental rights)的保障,则只要其具有合理正当的立法目的,且其所选择的手段与该目的间具有合理的关联,则该立法或行政行为通常会通过合宪的审查。 Legal English ![]() 缴费截止时间:10月10日
考试时间: 2021年11月27日(周六) 上午 8:30—11:30 试卷一 下午13:30—16:30 试卷二 点击下方”阅读原文“,进入LEC官网
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